Development and Evaluation of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Extract Nanoemulsion as a Topical Antibacterial Agent

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a local North Sumatran plant with antibacterial potential, but its use as an active ingredient in topical preparations remains limited. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an andaliman extract nanoemulsion using different surfactant concentrations. A laboratory experimental study was conducted using three formulations, F1, F2, and F3, containing 20%, 25%, and 30% surfactant, respectively. The extract was characterized for total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and quercetin-equivalent flavonoid content. The nanoemulsions were evaluated for organoleptic properties, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, stability, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extract showed total ash of 7.069 ± 0.077%, acid-insoluble ash of 0.266 ± 0.027%, and flavonoid content of 10.319 ± 0.025 mgQE/g. Particle sizes of F1–F3 were 185.6 ± 4.8, 128.4 ± 3.2, and 96.7 ±2.9 nm, respectively. F3 produced the smallest particles and the largest antibacterial inhibition zones, whereas F2 was considered the initial optimum formulation based on the overall balance of physical characteristics and antibacterial activity. The findings support the potential of andaliman extract nanoemulsion as a topical antibacterial delivery system; however, MIC/MBC, safety, long-term stability, permeation, and in vivo studies are still required.