Maxwell and Carreau Nanofluid Flow of Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer over a Stretched Surface with Varying Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity

This study investigates Maxwell and Carreau nanofluid flow of unsteady MHD boundary layer over a stretched surface incorporating thermal conductivity and variable viscosity ramifications. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with the shooting technique approach is used to solve the governing partial differential equations numerically after they have been reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. The results reveal that Maxwell nanofluids exhibit greater sensitivity to magnetic fields and thermal variations compared to Carreau nanofluids, making them more suitable for applications requiring efficient heat dissipation and precise mass transport. Conversely, Carreau nanofluids demonstrate better performance in shear-dependent flow regimes due to their shear-thinning properties. Key parameters’ effects on temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles were tabulated and graphically examined. The findings offer helpful suggestions for optimizing industrial and engineering processes involving complex fluid dynamics, such as cooling systems, coating flows, and chemical transport mechanisms.