Synergistic Biochemical Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency and Flavonoids from Plant Sources in the Regulation of Glycemia and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: compare biochemical, immunological, and hematological parameters between type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls, including gender-based differences. In addition, it highlights the potential role of natural compounds such as flavonoids and vitamin D in modulating these parameters due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic effects. Methods: The study involved 120 T2DM patients and 120 healthy controls (aged 30–70 years) recruited at Karbala Diabetic Center (2022–2023). BMI and insulin resistance (HOMA) were calculated. Biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine), and vitamin D was quantified by competitive ELISA. Results: In a study comparing 120 T2DM patients with 120 healthy controls, no significant age difference was found. T2DM patients showed significantly lower Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, while WBC, RBC, and platelets were similar. Immunological markers like Vitamin D and CRP were not significantly increased in T2DM, but TNF was highly significant. Biochemically, T2DM patients had significantly higher glucose, ALP, TG, TC, ferritin, and iron, with no significant differences in creatinine, urea, HDL, or TSH. Conclusion: This study found that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients exhibit significant hematological and biochemical changes compared to healthy individuals, including decreased Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, and increased GLU, ALP, TG, TC, ferritin, and iron. While vitamin D and CRP levels didn't significantly differ overall, TNF showed a notable increase in T2DM patients.