INTERACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TIMBER AND MINERAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE HISTORIC BUILDINGS OF ITCHAN KALA

Abstract. This article analyzes the traditional structural systems developed in the historic architectural buildings of Itchan Kala, with particular emphasis on the integrated use of timber and mineral-based construction materials. Alongside massive walls made of pakhsa (rammed earth), unfired brick, and fired brick, the structural functions of sinch-nigirik timber-framed walls are examined. The use of timber elements in walls, floor and roof structures, and ayvan structures, their influence on the spatial stability of buildings, and the characteristics of their interaction with mineral infill materials are discussed. Deterioration caused by moisture, salt accumulation, biological damage, and the weakening of structural connections is analyzed, and the necessity of preserving the integrity of the historic structural system during restoration is substantiated. Keywords: Itchan Kala, historic building, timber frame, sinch, nigirik, pakhsa, unfired brick, fired brick, structural system, restoration, timber structure.