Digital Asset Passports in Operation: BIM, IoT, and Smart Contracts for Circular Reuse of Prefabricated Components

Prefabricated components suit reuse, but the information needed to verify and transfer them is fragmented and rarely held in project models. This paper develops and tests a digital asset passport framework that holds an instance-level passport inside a building information modelling (BIM) digital twin and carries it between projects. The framework binds a two-level identifier to Revit shared parameters through Dynamo, adds a simulated Internet of Things (IoT) condition layer, records lifecycle events in a smart contract, and prices a Component as a Service lease from the passport. On a 602-instance residential digital twin, the artefact wrote the passport into every element, logged 101 alert entries in one simulated cycle, and carried 225 components into a second model with identifiers and passport values unchanged and lifecycle status updated. The gross carbon and cost attributed to those transfers, 46,296.57 kgCO2e and £70,581.43, deduct nothing for recovery. The engine generated 225 modelled leases worth £6119.40 a month, and the contract, executed on a local Ethereum virtual machine, returned a six-event history for one component. Twenty-eight practitioners answering 17 statements gave 92.9 per cent agreement to the passport principle, accepted the ledger with reservations and ranked leasing last. The results establish feasibility, not field performance.