TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HEAT CAPACITY OF SOLIDS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM THEORIES

This article discusses the physical nature of heat capacity, one of the important thermal properties of substances, and explains it in terms of classical and quantum theories. The paper provides information about the degrees of freedom of material particles, models of monatomic, diatomic, and triatomic molecules, and their average energies. The translational, rotational, and vibrational motions of molecules, their degrees of freedom, and their relationship with energy are examined. In addition, the average energy of molecules and the distribution of energy among the degrees of freedom are explained based on the laws of classical physics.