ANALYSING SOCIAL POLICY THROUGH SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: Contributions of Structural Functionalism and Social Capital Theories

Social policy, as a multidisciplinary applied science within public policy studies, incorporates theoretical contributions from multiple disciplines, particularly when addressing contemporary social and structural inequalities. This study examines the contributions of sociological theory to social policy analysis. Employing a qualitative research methodology grounded in an extensive literature review, two distinct sociological paradigms are analysed: structural functionalism, representing classical sociological theory, and social capital theory, representing modern sociological approaches. Structural functionalism focuses on social order, institutional equilibrium, and systemic stability. In contrast, social capital theory emphasizes the roles of community networks, trust, and grassroots empowerment. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively and descriptively through three systematic stages: data reduction, data presentation, and data verification and interpretation. The findings indicate that sociological theory enhances the understanding and analysis of social policy by providing critical perspectives on policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation in addressing social issues. Applying these sociological frameworks enables analysts to identify the root causes of social problems, assess policy impacts on diverse societal groups, and support policymakers in designing more inclusive, equitable, and participatory policies that promote sustainable social welfare.