Evaluating browser-based immersive technology for cultural heritage

Digital cultural heritage requires accessible information and communication technology (ICT) channels that can present cultural content without requiring dedicated software installation. This study evaluates a browser based WebAR–WebVR platform for the interactive exploration of Malay hand-drawn batik. The evaluation comprised expert readiness review, functional verification, task-based interaction involving 60 participants aged 15–30 years, a five-point user-perception questionnaire, and qualitative technical observation. All eight predefined WebAR and WebVR functions produced the expected outcomes on Google Chrome using a Vivo Y36 5G smartphone and a VR Box. Mean scores were 4.60 for ease of interaction, 4.40 for increased interest in batik, 4.20 for attractiveness, and 4.60 for cultural-promotion usefulness. Triangulation of functional, perceptual, and operational evidence showed that successful task completion corresponded with positive ease ratings, while complex multimedia assets increased loading and rendering burden. Lighting, marker visibility, camera permission, device capability, and multimedia complexity were the main operating constraints. The findings provide practical evidence for browser based cultural ICT applications in museums, tourism, and digital education.