Bryophyte Diversity in Coban West Malang as a Basis for E-Module Development in the Plant Diversity Course to Enhance Students' Critical Thinking and Collaboration Skills

Critical thinking and collaboration skills among Biology students remain relatively low, while varied teaching materials capable of training both skills are still limited, particularly for bryophyte diversity, a topic that is difficult to understand yet ecologically important and relevant to SDG 15. This study aimed to develop a valid, practical, and effective bryophyte diversity e-module from five waterfalls in West Malang (Coban Talun, Lanang, Rondo, Rais, and Putri) to improve students' critical thinking and collaboration skills. The study combined an exploratory taxonomic method with development research following the Lee and Owens (2004) model through five stages, namely assessment/analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, using a quasi-experimental Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design involving 27 experimental and 33 control class students. The exploration identified 18 bryophyte species from three divisions, namely Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, and Anthocerotophyta. The e-module was rated very valid by material experts (100%) and media experts (90.75%), and practical based on lecturer (94.6%) and student (93.6%) responses. ANCOVA results showed that the e-module had a significant effect on critical thinking skills (Sig. 0.026) and collaboration skills (Sig. 0.008). These findings confirm that the bryophyte diversity e-module is suitable for use as an innovative teaching material in the Plant Diversity course.