Controverses of Magnetospheric Substorm from Thermodynamic Standpoint

Abstract. In magnetospheric physics, the substorm development, understood as the forming of explosive release of energy from Earth’s magnetotail into the ionosphere and the near magnetosphere, is a subject of long-standing scientific debates. Yet, despite obvious progress, the emergence of a substorm demonstrates some effects that cannot be easily interpreted based on the existing observational and analytical models. These effects are frequently referred to as "controversies," as they can support entirely opposing physical frameworks. In this report, some well-known controversies are discussed in the light of possible resolution based on the thermodynamical model of conserved energy links.