Impulsivity, Conformity Based Overtime Pressure, and Driving Distraction among Employee Car Commuters in Shandong, China: Implications for Road Safety Education

Abstract Employee commuting links workplace conditions to a safety critical transport task, but personal and workplace correlates may show different associations with distraction and road behaviour. This post hoc secondary analysis used an archive of 492 employee car commuters recruited with organisational assistance across 16 cities in Shandong, China. Primary gender adjusted models included 490 respondents and controlled for age, recorded gender, and driving experience. Scores were rebuilt from raw items. HC3 inference, Holm adjustment, and 10,000 case resampled coefficient products were used. Impulsivity was positively associated with Errors and Violations, Lapses, and Aggressive Violations after Holm adjustment, but its association with Driving Distraction was unclear (B = .092, p = .129). Conformity Based Overtime Pressure was associated with Driving Distraction (B = .183, p < .001), Errors and Violations, and Lapses; its total and conditional associations with Aggressive Violations were uncertain. Coefficient product intervals through distraction were above zero for overtime pressure across the three outcomes, whereas all corresponding impulsivity intervals included zero. The findings showed different observed patterns of statistical support for a personal self regulation correlate and a social evaluative workplace correlate, although formal coefficient contrasts did not establish systematic magnitude differences after Holm adjustment. They provide a rationale for prospectively evaluating road safety education alongside workplace practices that protect the transition from work to driving. Cross sectional self reports cannot establish causal pathways, objective driving risk, or educational effectiveness.