Optimizing LTE Deployment through 1800 MHz Spectrum Refarming: Empirical Evidence from AirtelTigo Network in Ghana

The rapid growth of mobile data consumption has intensified pressure on limited radio spectrum resources, compelling mobile network operators to improve capacity, throughput, and Quality of Service (QoS) without acquiring additional spectrum.Spectrum refarming has emerged as a strategic solution that reallocates underutilized legacy spectrum to advance mobile technologies, thereby enhancing spectrum utilization and network performance.This study investigates the effectiveness of spectrum refarming in improving fourth-generation (4G) network capacity and QoS within AirtelTigo Ghana.A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining technical drive test measurements, benchmarking of legacy network performance, network Key Performance Indicator (KPI) analysis, and a structured user perception survey.Drive tests were conducted across selected high-traffic urban locations to evaluate throughput, accessibility, coverage, and session stability, while a technical assessment of AirtelTigo's GSM 1800 MHz spectrum identified opportunities for reallocating a 5 MHz carrier for LTE deployment.The findings demonstrate that refarming the GSM 1800 MHz band enables the deployment of an LTE carrier that significantly improves downlink throughput, network capacity, and user experience without compromising legacy network performance.The results further indicate improvements in spectrum utilization, reduced network congestion, enhanced accessibility, and better overall QoS, leading to a more reliable and efficient mobile broadband service.The study concludes that spectrum refarming is a technically feasible and cost-effective modernization strategy for mobile network operators, particularly in spectrum-constrained developing markets, as it maximizes the value of existing spectrum assets while supporting growing broadband demand and delaying the need for costly acquisition of additional spectrum resources.