Evaluation of Antibiotics Utilization Pattern Among Outpatients with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) at Taraman Public Health Center, East Ogan Komering Ulu in 2025 Using the ATC/DDD and DU 90% Methods

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the most common conditions managed in primary healthcare and contribute substantially to antibiotic prescribing. Monitoring antibiotic utilization is important to identify prescribing patterns and support antimicrobial stewardship efforts. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) and Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) methodologies provide standardized approaches for evaluating medicine utilization. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic utilization among outpatients with ARIs at Taraman Public Health Center, East OKU Regency, Indonesia, using the ATC/DDD and DU90% methods. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of 77 ARI outpatients who received antibiotics at Taraman Public Health Center from January to December 2025. Antibiotic use was classified using the ATC system and quantified by DDD. The DU90% segment was determined based on DDD contribution. Associations between patient characteristics and antibiotic type were analyzed using the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test in IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Result: Among the 77 patients included, amoxicillin was the most frequently utilized antibiotic, with a utilization value of 661.54 DDD/ [appropriate denominator]. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and cefixime accounted for the DU90% segment. No significant association was observed between antibiotic type and sex (p = 0.531) or age group (p = 0.282). Conclusion: Antibiotic use in ARI outpatients at Taraman Public Health Center was dominated by amoxicillin. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and cefixime accounted for the DU90% segment. These findings support antibiotic monitoring and antimicrobial stewardship in primary healthcare.