Enhanced Electromagnetic Cooling using Ethylene Glycol‐Based Sutterby Tri‐Hybrid Nanofluid Over a Riga Plate

ABSTRACT As the thermal demands of automotive radiators and electronic cooling systems continue to grow, it is imperative to develop advanced heat transfer fluids that possess better thermophysical properties. The present work focuses on the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of a tri‐hybrid nanofluid formulated with ethylene glycol as the base fluid over a Riga plate, which is modeled using the Sutterby non‐Newtonian fluid framework. The flow is affected by several physical processes including Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium resistance and viscous dissipation. The concentration distribution is also modified by double chemical reaction kinetics. Employing suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are converted into a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is then solved analytically by homotopy perturbation methodology. The variations in velocity, thermal, and concentration boundary layer resulting from changes in the relevant physical parameters are analyzed. In addition, the corresponding wall‐drag, thermal transport, and mass‐diffusion characteristics are examined for four different cases, namely the base fluid, mono‐nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and tri‐hybrid nanofluid. The tri‐hybrid nanofluid exhibits the highest heat‐transfer rate, accompanied by the highest surface drag and the lowest mass diffusion among the considered cases. These findings demonstrate the enhanced thermal performance of the tri‐hybrid formulation while highlighting the associated momentum and mass‐transfer characteristics, thereby supporting its potential for applications in advanced thermal management systems.