Non-communicable diseases and cognitive impairment among older adults in East Delhi: a cross-sectional study

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of morbidity among older adults and are increasingly recognized as being associated with cognitive decline. Cognitive impairment can adversely affect treatment adherence, self-management, and overall quality of life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment among elderly individuals with NCDs attending an urban health facility in east Delhi. Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 60 years and above attending the NCD clinic of the urban health centre, Kalyanpuri, east Delhi. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a predesigned questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale, with a score of less than 26 indicating cognitive impairment. Data were entered and analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results: Cognitive impairment was found to be common among elderly patients with NCDs; more than half (55.1%) of the study participants showed some degree of cognitive impairment (mild to severe). Normal cognition was seen in less than half (44.9%) of the study participants. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 57.2% among participants with hypertension, 60.5% among those with diabetes mellitus, 44.1% among individuals with thyroid disorders, 64.3% among those with chronic respiratory diseases, 50.0% among participants with coronary artery disease, and 38.9% among those with dyslipidaemia and other chronic conditions. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of older adults living with NCDs demonstrated cognitive impairment. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating routine cognitive screening into NCD care services for the elderly. Early identification of cognitive decline may facilitate timely interventions, improve disease management, enhance treatment adherence, and promote healthy ageing.