Indoor Radiofrequency Exposure Across Diverse Environments in Greece: Exposure Levels, Technology Contributions, and Variability

Radiofrequency (RF) exposure assessment in indoor environments has attracted considerable interest due to the widespread use of wireless communication technologies and the increasing amount of time people spend indoors. In the framework of the SEAWave project, extensive frequency-selective measurements were performed in Greece to characterize environmental RF exposure across diverse indoor environments. A harmonized dataset comprising more than 26,000 measurement samples collected at 40 indoor locations was statistically analyzed, covering residential, commercial, educational, office/workplace, public/cultural, event/market, and transport environments. Transport environments exhibited the highest exposure levels (RMS = 0.856 V/m), whereas residential (0.122 V/m) and office/workplace (0.136 V/m) environments showed the lowest values. Cellular networks accounted for more than 80% of the total RF exposure in all environments, reaching 94.4% in transport environments, while Wi-Fi contributed between approximately 5.6% and 17% depending on the environment. Repeated measurements revealed environment-dependent differences in RF exposure, with the largest variations between measurement campaigns observed in public transport, commercial, and public environments, whereas no statistically significant relationship between floor level and RF exposure was observed. RF exposure varied across indoor environment categories, while an exploratory geographical comparison within Commercial/Retail environments did not reveal statistically significant differences among urban, suburban, and rural groups.