Factors Associated With Pneumonia Among Children Under Five in The Working Area of Jatilawang Community Health Center, Indonesia

Pneumonia in children younger than five remains an important public health issue that may reflect both infant-feeding history and conditions within the household. This study assessed the association between exclusive breastfeeding and pneumonia in the catchment area of Jatilawang Community Health Center, Banyumas Regency, Indonesia. An analytical case-control study enrolled 88 children: 44 with pneumonia and 44 controls without pneumonia. Participants were recruited using proportionate stratified random sampling. Data came from Integrated Management of Childhood Illness records and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and exploratory multivariable logistic regression were applied. In the unadjusted analysis, children who had not been exclusively breastfed showed greater odds of pneumonia than those who had received exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 4.93; 95% CI: 1.87–12.97; p < 0.001). Once immunization status, exposure to household smoke, age, and sex were taken into account, the association was not statistically significant (aOR = 2.96; 95% CI: 0.74–11.88; p = 0.126). Immunization category and household smoking exposure remained significant in the adjusted model. Larger investigations with more precise variable definitions are needed to estimate these relationships with greater confidence.