Physical Restraint for Patients with Mental Health Problems : A Bibliometric Analysis (2016-2026)

ABSTRACT Physical restraint in patients with mental health disorders remains a commonly used intervention to manage aggressive behavior. Research on this topic has continued to increase alongside growing concerns regarding patient safety in healthcare settings. However, the global research landscape on physical restraint among patients with mental health disorders has not been comprehensively mapped. This study aimed to analyze publication trends and identify the development of research focuses related to physical restraint in patients with mental health disorders. A bibliometric approach was employed using the Scopus database. The literature search was conducted on May 29, 2026, using the keywords: "physical restraint" OR "mechanical restraint" OR "psychiatric restraint" OR "restrictive intervention" AND "mental health" OR "mental disorder" OR "psychiatric patient" OR "mental illness" OR "psychiatric nursing". A total of 559 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed using the Analyze Results feature in Scopus to examine publication trends and country distribution. The data were subsequently visualized using VOSviewer to identify research clusters and keyword developments. The findings revealed that the number of publications increased from 24 articles in 2016 to 101 articles in 2025. The most productive countries were the United Kingdom (111 publications), Australia (83 publications), and the United States. VOSviewer visualization identified five major research clusters: (1) aggression, mechanical restraint, and mental health nursing; (2) behavioral disorders, mood disorders, and patient autonomy; (3) agitation, emergency care, and physical restraint; (4) mental health services; and (5) psychological and physiological stress. Keyword evolution demonstrated a shift in research focus from immobilization, schizophrenia, and mental patients during the 2016–2020 period toward agitation, psychosis, psychiatric diagnosis, and major depression during the 2021–2026 period. This bibliometric analysis indicates that research on physical restraint has evolved from a behavior-control approach toward a more patient-centered perspective emphasizing patient safety, psychological impacts, patient rights, and restraint-reduction strategies within mental health services. Keywords: Physical Restraint, Mental Health Disorders, Mental Health, Bibliometric Analysis, Vosviewer, Scopus. ABSTRAK Physical restraint pada pasien dengan gangguan kesehatan mental merupakan tindakan yang masih sering digunakan untuk mengendalikan perilaku agresif. Perkembangan penelitian semakin meningkat seiring meningkatnya patient safety di rumah sakit. Namun, pemetaan tren penelitian global terkait physical restraint pada pasien dengan gangguan kesehatan mental masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tren publikasi dan mengidentifikasi perkembangan fokus penelitian terkait physical restraint pada pasien dengan gangguan kesehatan mental. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode bibliometrik dengan basis data Scopus. Pencarian dilakukan pada tanggal 29 Mei 2026 menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci "physical restraint" OR "mechanical restraint" OR "psychiatric restraint" OR "restrictive intervention" AND "mental health" OR "mental disorder" OR "psychiatric patient" OR "mental illness" OR "psychiatric nursing". Sebanyak 559 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis menggunakan fitur Analyze Results pada Scopus untuk melihat tren publikasi dan distribusi negara, kemudian divisualisasikan menggunakan VOSviewer untuk mengidentifikasi klaster penelitian dan perkembangan kata kunci. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jumlah publikasi meningkat dari 24 artikel pada tahun 2016 menjadi 101 artikel pada tahun 2025. Negara yang paling produktif dalam publikasi adalah Amerika Serikat (124 artikel), Inggris (111 artikel), dan Australia (83 artikel). Visualisasi VOSviewer menunjukkan lima klaster utama, yaitu: (1) agresivitas, mechanical restraint, dan keperawatan kesehatan jiwa; (2) gangguan perilaku, gangguan mood, dan otonomi pasien; (3) agitasi, kegawatdaruratan, dan physical restraint; (4) layanan kesehatan mental; serta (5) stres psikologis dan fisiologis. Pergeseran kata kunci menunjukkan perubahan fokus penelitian dari immobilization, schizophrenia, dan mental patient pada periode 2016–2020 menuju agitation, psychosis, psychiatric diagnosis, dan major depression pada periode 2021–2026. Analisis bibliometrik ini menunjukkan bahwa penelitian physical restraint berkembang dari pendekatan pengendalian perilaku menuju pendekatan yang lebih berpusat pada keselamatan pasien, dampak psikologis, hak pasien, dan strategi pengurangan penggunaan restraint dalam pelayanan kesehatan jiwa. Kata Kunci: Physical Restraint, Gangguan Kesehatan Mental, Kesehatan Jiwa, Bibliometrik, Vosviewer, Scopus.