Clinical profile and demographic characteristics of patients with trigeminal neuralgia in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic neuropathic pain disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of sudden, electric shock-like facial pain affecting one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Its varied presentation may pose diagnostic challenges for dental practitioners. This study aimed to assess the clinical profiles and demographic characteristics of patients with trigeminal neuralgia in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Methods: A five-year retrospective study was conducted on all patients diagnosed with TN at the Oral Medicine Clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, between August 2020 and August 2025. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 27. Categorical variables were presented using frequencies and percentages, while associations were assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Of 563 patients seen during the study period, 35 were diagnosed with TN, giving a frequency of 6.2%. The mean age was 51.2±14.9 years, with 51.4% aged 40-59 years. Females accounted for 60.0% of cases. Right-sided involvement (62.9%) was more common than left-sided involvement (37.1%). Age group was significantly associated with laterality (p=0.036), whereas sex was not (p=0.568). Conclusions: Trigeminal neuralgia occurred predominantly among females, individuals aged 40–59 years, and those with right-sided involvement. These findings were consistent with global trends and will provide valuable local epidemiological data that may enhance recognition and management of TN in Nigeria.