Measuring global and type-specific motivation states in self-determination theory: implications for the dimensionality debate and distinction between approach and avoidance motivation

Recent research has demonstrated that self-report measures of experienced autonomy and external control relate to attitudes, behavior, and well-being consistent with self-determination theory (SDT) predictions. These motivational states have traditionally been inferred from reason-based measures of the SDT motivation types; inferences that may not be accurate, particularly when there are multiple reasons for engaging in an activity. In this research, we investigated whether self-report measures of the psychological states associated with the specific SDT motivation types might similarly eliminate the need for inference from reason-based measures and contribute meaningfully to the prediction of important outcomes. We developed a context-free measure of the type-specific motivation states - Motivational State Scales – Specific (MSS-S) – including separate approach and avoidance versions of external and introjected regulation. We administered the MSS-S along with measures of the global motivation states (autonomy, control, strength) and relevant outcomes (e.g., need satisfaction, well-being, attitudes, performance) to employees ( n = 500) and students ( n = 476). The findings supported a 9-factor structure, and the type-specific motivational states related to global states and outcomes largely in accord with SDT predictions, with meaningful differences for the approach and avoidance scales. The type-specific and global state measures contributed uniquely to outcome prediction, suggesting that both constitute meaningful ways to conceptualize the motivation quality distinction in SDT. We discuss implications for future research and practical applications of the MSS-S.