Unravelling advanced methods of detection of anthracnose disease in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and banana (Musa sp.)

Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose, which is one of the major post-harvest diseases in bananas and mangoes, resulting in huge losses to the fruit industry. This review examines the different detection technologies that have been used to identify and determine the infection of anthracnose in these fruits. We discuss traditional techniques like visual examination and culturing, as well as newer, more accurate technologies like molecular diagnostics, spectroscopy and sophisticated imaging procedures. Special attention is paid to such high-throughput methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), computer-based methods and biomarkers, which are more sensitive and specific in the detection of Colletotrichum infections. Moreover, we emphasise the application of imaging systems, including hyperspectral and infrared spectroscopy, which make it possible to detect infections quickly and without destruction. The combination of these technologies has improved disease management strategies, offering a more precise and timely way of disease surveillance. On the whole, the purpose of the review is to give a general presentation of the technologies for detecting anthracnose, which will promote the development of disease management strategies for banana and mango crops in the future.