Understanding Perceived Physical Comfort and Revisit Intention Across Urban Parks: A Multi-Group Analysis

Urban parks play an increasingly important role in shaping users’ experiences and behavioral responses within urban tourism environments. This study aims to analyze whether the influence of perceived physical comfort on revisit intention differs across urban parks with varying characteristics. This study was conducted in three urban parks along the Kalimas River tourism corridor in Surabaya. A quantitative approach was employed using the data collected from 600 respondents. The analysis used Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) in SmartPLS 4. The results indicated that perceived physical comfort consistently influenced Intention to Revisit (Y.1) across all parks, with no significant differences in the MGA results. This suggests that revisit intention functioned as a stable behavioral construct driven by general functional evaluations, such as circulation, microclimate, cleanliness, and environmental quality. In contrast, Intention to Recommend (Y.2) showed contextual sensitivity, with variations observed particularly in the influence of safety and aroma across different park settings. Thus, this finding indicated that recommendation intention was shaped not only by physical comfort but also by experiential and situational factors.