Hierarchically Porous ZnTiO₃/Zeolite Composites with Optimised

Abstract Applications Abstract cycling stability at high current densities. Thus, there has been a considerable surge in the 58 development of cutting-edge electrode materials like aerogels, metal organic frameworks (MOF), 59 covalent organic frameworks (COFs), MXenes, and metal nitrides that aim to increase 60 capacitance, electrical conductivity, and cycle stability, ultimately focusing on enhancing the 61 energy and power densities of supercapacitors [13,22]. 62 Composite electrode materials achieve synergistic effects by combining components in a 63 balanced manner, overcoming the drawbacks of each. A pertinent example is the integration of 64 carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene within activated carbon composites, which results in a compatibility, multiple redox-active sites, and favorable ionic transport characteristics. electrode structure that improves both capacitance and durability. Thus, a ZnTiO₃-zeolite 131 composite represents a novel and potentially practical approach to addressing the common 132 limitations faced by traditional supercapacitor materials. The research investigates how the 133 synergistic combination of ZnTiO₃ and zeolite influences capacitance and cycle stability. Commercial synthetic zeolite (aluminosilicate, CAS No. 1318-02-1, Product No. 96096) was 137 purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as the porous support material. Zinc acetate dihydrate 138 (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O, Loba Chemie, India) and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP, 97%, Sigma-139 Aldrich) were employed as zinc and titanium precursors, respectively. Methanol, acetic acid, N-140 methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and conductive carbon black 141 (Super P) were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Deionised water (18.2 142 MΩ cm) obtained from a Millipore purification system was used throughout the experiments.