Biogeochemical Carbon Cycling and Phytotoxicity of Soils Under Various Land-Use Types, Including Those Reclaimed Using Gangue

Land use strongly influences carbon (C) cycling and its sequestration in soils, which is a key component of sustainable development due to its role in ecosystem stability. The contribution of microorganisms to the biogeochemical C cycle was studied in soils located within the protected area of Polesie National Park (PNP) and in similarly man-aged soils outside the park. These phenomena were also assessed in degraded soils subjected to 2- and 10-year reclamation using gangue. The results showed significant differences depending on the location, particularly in fallow lands. In these areas, bacterial counts, DNA concentration, respiratory activity, and enzymatic activity were lower in soils within the park, while fungal populations exhibited more intensive growth. Park soils also demonstrated more favorable phytotoxicity indicators, including seed germination (wasteland—92 and cultivated field—83 seeds) and root growth (cultivated field—2.3 cm). Reclamation proved ineffective, especially within the first two years. Studies indicated that reclamation based solely on gangue is insufficient, not entirely safe, and requires a longer timeframe. From the perspective of sustainable development, this highlights the need for reclamation methods that ensure responsible use of waste materials, support long-term soil quality improvement, and protect ecosystem integrity. The results emphasize the importance of protective measures in valuable natural areas and inform decisions regarding the use of gangue in reclamation.