Development and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Input Dual-Output DC-DC Converter for PV–Battery Hybrid Energy Systems

Abstract Due to the inherently fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources, their output current and voltage exhibit significant intermittency, rendering them insufficient for standalone sustainable power delivery. To address this, hybrid systems combining renewables with auxiliary storage or generation units are commonly deployed. This study introduces an innovative dual-input dual-output (DIDO) DC-DC converter configuration utilizing a T-source impedance network. In the proposed setup, a photovoltaic (PV) array and a battery storage unit serve as the dual input ports. The converter is controlled such that the battery compensates for any power deficits when the PV output falls short of the load requirements, whereas excess PV generation is directed to charge the battery during surplus periods. The mathematical model and operational modes of the converter are thoroughly analyzed. Additionally, the Hill Climbing algorithm is implemented to realize Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for the PV system. The feasibility of the design is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and verified experimentally using a hardware prototype under diverse operating scenarios.