Microplastics in pregnancy: placental transfer, maternal exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a literature review

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread environmental contaminants detected in human tissues, including the placenta, raising concerns regarding maternal exposure and fetal health. The objective is to review evidence on microplastic presence in pregnancy-related tissues, toxicity mechanisms, and maternal–fetal outcomes. Literature from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar was reviewed. MPs have been detected in placenta and reproductive tissues. Experimental evidence suggests that microplastics may induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and placental injury associated with fetal growth restriction and placental dysfunction. Further prospective studies with standardized methods are required to establish clinical significance.