Another introduced amphibian species in the heart of São Paulo city

Amphibian invasions represent a growing threat to global biodiversity, as introduced species can disrupt ecological interactions, compete with native fauna, and alter community dynamics. This study reports the first record of an established population of the bromeligenous treefrog Ololygon perpusilla outside its native range, found in São Paulo city, Brazil. Originally restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro, this species was identified through morphological, molecular, and bioacoustics analyses. Phylogenetic results clustered the São Paulo specimens within the O. perpusilla–insperata clade, while distinctive yellow markings and call characteristics supported their assignment to O. perpusilla. Field observations and interviews indicated that the population has persisted locally for at least 25 years, reproducing in ornamental bromeliads. The most plausible introduction pathway is the accidental transport of eggs, tadpoles, or adults via ornamental bromeliad trade from of Rio de Janeiro. Although there is no evidence of ecological impact, this finding emphasizes how domestic plant trade can facilitate the spread of non-native amphibians. The population’s confinement to a single urban block also makes eradication feasible. This case highlights the need for stricter monitoring of plant transport and public awareness to prevent further unintentional introductions of amphibian species within Brazil.