The Golden Ratio Is Not an Inflation Factor of Any Regular Tessellation, and the Factors Inside Its Own Ring Are Exactly Its Even Powers: a unit-norm obstruction, the empty interval below φ², and the Lucas traces at which φ^(2n) appears

No regular tessellation or polyhedron {p, q} has conformal-quasicrystal inflation factor φ = (1 + √5)/2, and the obstruction is a unit norm rather than a numerical accident. The inflation factor and its reciprocal are the two roots of x² - kx + 1 with integer trace k = (p - 2)(q - 2) - 2, so every factor is a quadratic Pisot unit of norm +1. The golden ratio is a quadratic Pisot unit of norm -1, with minimal polynomial x² - x - 1, and a unit of one norm is not a unit of the other. Equivalently, φ + 1/φ = √5 forces (p - 2)(q - 2) = 2 + √5 = 4.2360679774997896..., and the left side is a positive integer. The exclusion is therefore simultaneous in p and q and needs no search. The same norm argument places φ exactly. Every integer trace k ≥ 3 is realized, by {k + 4, 3}, and k = 2 is the Euclidean case with factor 1. The smallest hyperbolic factor is λ₃ = (3 + √5)/2 = 2.618033988749895..., which is φ², realized by {7, 3} and its dual {3, 7}. Since 1 < φ < φ² and the trace is an integer, the open interval (1, φ²) contains no inflation factor at all. The golden ratio is excluded for being too small as much as for being the wrong kind of unit: there is no tessellation between flat space and {7, 3}. Two consequences complete the statement. The factors lying in Z[φ] are exactly the even powers φ^(2n), at the Lucas traces L_2n = 3, 7, 18, 47, 123, ..., because φ^(2n) + φ^(-2n) = L_2n and the norm of φ^m is (-1)^m. Every odd power of φ is barred for the same reason φ is. More generally the square of the norm -1 unit of trace t is the inflation factor of trace t² + 2, so 1 + √2 and (3 + √13)/2 appear only as the factors at k = 6 and k = 11. A script recomputes all 43 checkable statements; all 43 pass.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23774781
Primary Topic
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Type
preprint
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preprint

The Golden Ratio Is Not an Inflation Factor of Any Regular Tessellation, and the Factors Inside Its Own Ring Are Exactly Its Even Powers: a unit-norm obstruction, the empty interval below φ², and the Lucas traces at which φ^(2n) appears

Jason Almasy
10 links
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
preprint

The Golden Ratio Is Not an Inflation Factor of Any Regular Tessellation, and the Factors Inside Its Own Ring Are Exactly Its Even Powers: a unit-norm obstruction, the empty interval below φ², and the Lucas traces at which φ^(2n) appears

Jason Almasy
preprint en

Abstract

No regular tessellation or polyhedron {p, q} has conformal-quasicrystal inflation factor φ = (1 + √5)/2, and the obstruction is a unit norm rather than a numerical accident. The inflation factor and its reciprocal are the two roots of x² - kx + 1 with integer trace k = (p - 2)(q - 2) - 2, so every factor is a quadratic Pisot unit of norm +1. The golden ratio is a quadratic Pisot unit of norm -1, with minimal polynomial x² - x - 1, and a unit of one norm is not a unit of the other. Equivalently, φ + 1/φ = √5 forces (p - 2)(q - 2) = 2 + √5 = 4.2360679774997896..., and the left side is a positive integer. The exclusion is therefore simultaneous in p and q and needs no search. The same norm argument places φ exactly. Every integer trace k ≥ 3 is realized, by {k + 4, 3}, and k = 2 is the Euclidean case with factor 1. The smallest hyperbolic factor is λ₃ = (3 + √5)/2 = 2.618033988749895..., which is φ², realized by {7, 3} and its dual {3, 7}. Since 1 < φ < φ² and the trace is an integer, the open interval (1, φ²) contains no inflation factor at all. The golden ratio is excluded for being too small as much as for being the wrong kind of unit: there is no tessellation between flat space and {7, 3}. Two consequences complete the statement. The factors lying in Z[φ] are exactly the even powers φ^(2n), at the Lucas traces L_2n = 3, 7, 18, 47, 123, ..., because φ^(2n) + φ^(-2n) = L_2n and the norm of φ^m is (-1)^m. Every odd power of φ is barred for the same reason φ is. More generally the square of the norm -1 unit of trace t is the inflation factor of trace t² + 2, so 1 + √2 and (3 + √13)/2 appear only as the factors at k = 6 and k = 11. A script recomputes all 43 checkable statements; all 43 pass.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
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