Investigating IceCube Neutrino Alerts with the HAWC Gamma-Ray Observatory
Abstract Neutrino emission from astrophysical sources has long been considered a signature of cosmic-ray acceleration. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has observed a diffuse flux of TeV–PeV neutrinos, but very few confirmed sources have emerged. With the recent publication of the IceCube Event Catalog (IceCat-1), IceCube has released a list of probable astrophysical neutrinos from 2011 May to 2020 December, with follow-up alerts released via the Astrophysical Multi-messenger Observatory Network (AMON). Using the archival data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory, we search for gamma-ray outbursts spatially coincident with these neutrino alerts using a Bayesian block algorithm. In this work, we consider 380 alerts, up to 2026 May 19, that are within HAWC’s field of view. We observe approximately a 5% coincident detection rate, which is consistent with expectations from background. Two of these detections contain the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) Mrk 421 and Mrk 501. We discuss the possibility of these AGNs producing the observed neutrino events when considering the HAWC results.
Authors
- Hao Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-3841)
- Amid Nayerhoda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-4324)
- Niccolò Di Lalla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298)
- Rishi Babu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6780)
- Miguel Araya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-9267)
- E. Belmont‐Moreno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-105X)
- Sara Coutiño de León (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-754X)
- Daniel Salazar-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9684)
- J. A. Hinton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1031-7760)
- Enrique Varela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-7513)
- P. Desiati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-1858)
- Tomás Capistrán (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2158-2292)
- Jorge Cotzomi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-871X)
- Yunior Pérez Araujo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-8147)
- Ramiro Torres-Escobedo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-3352)
- P. Miranda-Romagnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-9011)
- E. De la Fuente (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-4134)
- I. Herzog (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5169-723X)
- Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-0693)
- Dezhi Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-1786)
- K. Malone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-400X)
- S. Casanova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-9122)
- Lukas Nellen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-8731)
- Jordan A. Goodman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9790-1299)
- O. Tibolla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0584)
- José Serna-Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7409-4061)
- J. Martínez-Castro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2824-3544)
- Y. Son (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-8480)
- Ibrahim Daniel Torres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-3945)
- G. Luis-Raya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2810-4867)
- E. G. Pérez‐Pérez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-4938)
- J. S. H. Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2153-1519)
- H. León Vargas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-4975)
- Andrew James Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1012-0431)
- David B Kieda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-0101)
- C. Espinoza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-1726)
- Karen Salomé Caballero-Mora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-3855)
- R. W. Springer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-0380)
- R. Noriega-Papaqui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-108X)
- Chang Dong Rho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-9769)
- H. W. Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2467-5673)
- Fernando Garfias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1122-4168)
- Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-0838)
- Anna Lia Longinotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8825-3624)
- F. Hueyotl‐Zahuantitla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5527-7141)
- A. Iriarte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5811-5167)
- A. Galván-Gaméz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-3693)
- M. A. DuVernois (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-9691)
- Alberto Carramiñana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-3302)
- David Joseph Guevel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-2328)
- Epifanio Ponce (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-6495)
- M. Osorio-Archila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2481-6921)
- J. P. Harding (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-2648)
- C. de León (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-9573)
- Miguel A. Mostafá (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7675-4656)
- J. A. García-González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-5584)
- M. M. González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-5641)
- Jim Linnemann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2696-947X)
- Kristi Engel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5737-1820)
- Hugo Alberto Ayala Solares (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-5049)
- P. E. Mirón-Enriquez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9231-2287)
- Sara Fraija (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8311-6290)
- José A. González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-696X)
- L. Villaseñor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-2800)
- Oscar Martinez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-856X)
- John A. Matthews (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2610-863X)
- X. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6798-353X)
- M. Schneider (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-4734)
- M. Roth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-5026)
- A. Gonzalez Muñoz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-6334)
- Daniel Omar Avila Rojas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-4142)
- Ian James Watson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-3413)
- Mehr Un Nisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3944)
- F. Carreón
- E. Moreno
- J. C. Arteaga‐Velázquez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5590-8563)
- S. Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3520-3993)
- Kirsten Anne Tollefson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-1479)
- Andrés Sandoval (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-2722)
- N. Omodei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-7577)
- Carlos Alvarez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0815-7953)
- S. Kaufmann
- Nissim Illich Fraija (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-6453)
- H. Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7243-1402)
- H. Salazar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-7302)
- A. Bernal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6671-5166)
- Petra Hüntemeyer
- E. Anita-Rangel
- K. Leavitt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8773-6057)
- A. Andrés
- J. Gyeong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8844-6321)
- N. Ghosh
- Z. Wang
- M. Shin
- R. Alfaro
- S. Hernández-Cadena
- M. Najafi
- R. Diaz Hernandez
Institutions
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (MX)
- Michigan Technological University (US)
- University of Seoul (KR)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (MX)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Universidad de Costa Rica (CR)
- Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca (MX)
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (MX)
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (DE)
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX)
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Temple University (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Stanford University (US)
- Tecnológico de Monterrey (MX)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2026-10-29
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea154
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00