Neuroimmune Networks Underlying Cutaneous Inflammation: Bidirectional Crosstalk between the Nervous System and Immune Cells

Abstract Cutaneous inflammation is a pathological process underlying various skin conditions. Its high prevalence, frequent recurrence, and complex pathogenesis present significant clinical challenges. Emerging evidence highlights the central role of neuroimmune interactions in cutaneous inflammation. As a highly specialized sensory and immunological interface, the skin detects environmental cues such as temperature, mechanical signals, and noxious stimuli through peripheral sensory nerves, which relay information to the central nervous system and influence emotional and behavioral responses. Activation of these neuronal pathways induces the release of neuropeptides that promote vasodilation, immune cell recruitment, and neuronal sensitization. Furthermore, immune cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts engage in dynamic bidirectional communication with cutaneous nerves, collectively shaping the progression of inflammation. The autonomic nervous system and psychological stress further modulate these interconnected processes, contributing to disease exacerbation and chronicity. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in research on the neuroimmune networks underlying cutaneous inflammation, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of these disorders and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.