Development of genetic and genomic technologies in medicine: A review of national programs and projects

Background. Over the last few decades, genetic advancements have yielded new medical technologies aimed at improving human health. Implementing genomic medicine in healthcare settings provides the foundation for personalized medicine, which has already transformed how rare diseases and malignant neoplasms are managed. Objective. To review European and Russian national programs and projects aimed at advancing medical genetics and to discuss the challenges faced by medical science and clinical practice in the development and implementation of genetic and genomic technologies. Methods. Literature analysis was conducted across specialized databases, including eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search yielded 1240 unique articles. After excluding irrelevant studies based on title and abstract screening, 32 articles were selected for full-text review using a systematic analysis combined with data structuring techniques. Results. While the past two decades have witnessed increased governmental attention toward medical genetics in the Russian Federation, scientific output in this field has recently declined, which stands in stark contrast to international trends. Developing effective mechanisms to incentivize scientific activity is essential to drive the generation of new knowledge and breakthrough innovations in biotechnology. Conclusion. Despite the expanding governmental focus on clinical genetic and genomic technologies in Russia, scientific output in this field has taken a downward trend in recent years. The successful execution of national projects in medical genetics depends on implementing robust research incentives focused on generating new knowledge and breakthrough innovations and thereby positioning the country as a leader in genetic research.