Power-Efficient Nanodevices Enabling Scalable IoT Solutions for Smart Factory Environments

This paper conducts a systematic review of efficient nanodevices to enable IoT solutions for smart factories. Using a literature review of relevant articles from 2017-2025, the review provides critical evaluations of the performance and efficiency of the nano-technological components used to build IoT devices, specifically on four main nanotechnologies such as nano-sensors, nano-antennas, nano-processors, and nanobatteries, which provide more benefits compared to current traditional electronics. In addition, we analyze the properties of nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, MXenes, quantum dots, and other nanomaterials, and their benefits in energy efficiency, miniaturization, sensing, and communication bandwidth. An example of the qualitative Performance Index (PI) heuristic framework is introduced for conceptualizing the comparison between nanoelectronics and traditional electronics as a graphical visualization technique only. This review is not a model based on physical laws and calculations or experimental data since the qualitative framework does not include all variables. A critical evaluation of existing literature has found that nano-sensors, nano-antennas, and nano-processors have some benefits, although some barriers need to be overcome, such as scalability, air stability, co-integration, and standardization, before being implemented in smart factories. Finally, research directions are provided in the future work section, which mainly focus on future research. In this paper, key future research areas have been highlighted for consideration, including system-level experimental validation, TCAD/COMSOL-based simulation for design, and environmentally sustainable methods of nanomaterial synthesis.