Did a Government Loanword Paraphrase List Change Parliamentary Speech? A Staggered-Adoption Study of 176 Words in the Japanese Diet Record, 1998-2012

Between April 2003 and March 2006, the National Institute for Japanese Language (NINJAL) published four rounds of ``loanword paraphrase proposals'' (「外来語」言い換え提案), covering 176 hard-to-understand English-derived loanwords in public documents, each with a recommended native paraphrase. This study asks whether Diet speech, a complete record of elite language use, moved away from them. The data are 4,733 hit-count queries to the National Diet Library's Diet record API: speeches per year containing each proposed word and 60 never-proposed control loanwords, 1998-2012. Each proposal round is compared with never-proposed policy and business loanwords, using cohort-specific differences against a five-year base. The author's self-recorded time stamps, not a publicly verifiable pre-registration, place the design 35 seconds before the first analysis query. The registered primary estimate is -0.47 log points in log(1 + speeches) over six post-round years, relative to control B: a 38% decline in the geometric mean of 1 + speech count (95% bootstrap interval -54% to -18%), not a 38% fall in the number of speeches. Registered falsification tests reject this comparison: the treated-minus-control gap was already falling before the proposals, by 0.10 log points per year (interval -0.20 to -0.01), and everyday loanwords given placebo dates show a spurious ``effect'' of the same size (-0.39 log points). Against everyday loanwords the registered robustness estimate is -8% (-19% to +4%), an interval that holds only under parallel trends with that group; the not-yet-treated comparison gives -10% (-29% to +16%), but an exploratory check shows a falling pre-period gap there too. Paraphrases did not gain ground: the loanword share of loanword-plus-paraphrase speeches was 65% before and 66% after. The study finds no credible evidence that the proposals reduced loanword use in the Diet.

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Publication Details

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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23699080
Primary Topic
Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity
Type
preprint
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preprint

Did a Government Loanword Paraphrase List Change Parliamentary Speech? A Staggered-Adoption Study of 176 Words in the Japanese Diet Record, 1998-2012

Keisuke Watanabe
1 links
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity
preprint

Did a Government Loanword Paraphrase List Change Parliamentary Speech? A Staggered-Adoption Study of 176 Words in the Japanese Diet Record, 1998-2012

Keisuke Watanabe
preprint en

Abstract

Between April 2003 and March 2006, the National Institute for Japanese Language (NINJAL) published four rounds of ``loanword paraphrase proposals'' (「外来語」言い換え提案), covering 176 hard-to-understand English-derived loanwords in public documents, each with a recommended native paraphrase. This study asks whether Diet speech, a complete record of elite language use, moved away from them. The data are 4,733 hit-count queries to the National Diet Library's Diet record API: speeches per year containing each proposed word and 60 never-proposed control loanwords, 1998-2012. Each proposal round is compared with never-proposed policy and business loanwords, using cohort-specific differences against a five-year base. The author's self-recorded time stamps, not a publicly verifiable pre-registration, place the design 35 seconds before the first analysis query. The registered primary estimate is -0.47 log points in log(1 + speeches) over six post-round years, relative to control B: a 38% decline in the geometric mean of 1 + speech count (95% bootstrap interval -54% to -18%), not a 38% fall in the number of speeches. Registered falsification tests reject this comparison: the treated-minus-control gap was already falling before the proposals, by 0.10 log points per year (interval -0.20 to -0.01), and everyday loanwords given placebo dates show a spurious ``effect'' of the same size (-0.39 log points). Against everyday loanwords the registered robustness estimate is -8% (-19% to +4%), an interval that holds only under parallel trends with that group; the not-yet-treated comparison gives -10% (-29% to +16%), but an exploratory check shows a falling pre-period gap there too. Paraphrases did not gain ground: the loanword share of loanword-plus-paraphrase speeches was 65% before and 66% after. The study finds no credible evidence that the proposals reduced loanword use in the Diet.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
PPG Industries (United States) (US), Institute of Glass (RU), Central Glass (Japan) (JP)
Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity
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