Assessing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Practices, Management and Sustainability in Akwanga Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Access to safe water, improved sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services remains a critical challenge in many developing regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the current state of WASH practices, infrastructure, and management in Akwanga Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, with a focus on sustainability, accessibility, equity, and user perception. Using mixed-methods data collection from 378 respondents across five wards, the study evaluates water sources, sanitation routines, waste management, behavior change, and institutional frameworks. Findings reveal significant gaps in WASH service delivery, including limited access to safe water sources, overcrowded sanitation facilities, low per-capita water consumption, and inadequate wastewater treatment. While infrastructural development and international partnerships were recognized as important, financial, institutional, and social sustainability remain weak. Notably, 63.2% of respondents perceive WASH service delivery as inequitable, and over 45% expressed dissatisfaction with current services. Despite these limitations, the study also finds a strong willingness among residents to participate in WASH programs and adopt positive hygiene behaviors. Recommendations emphasize the need for integrated, community-driven strategies that include capacity building, sustained funding, and inclusive policy implementation. Addressing these challenges is essential to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6: ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.