Antisolvent precipitation of Zinc Porphyrin Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks Enables J-Aggregation Mediated Electrochemiluminescence for Synthetic Cannabinoid Sensing

Zinc porphyrin hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (ZnTCPP HOFs) represent attractive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores; however, their tendency to undergo uncontrolled short-range π–π stacking at solid/liquid interfaces induces aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and severely limits the ECL efficiency. Existing strategies for suppressing ACQ rely mainly on covalent or coordination-mediated ligand engineering and often require laborious multi-step synthesis. From the perspective of colloid and interface science, we herein report a chitosan (CS)–DMF antisolvent precipitation strategy that reorganizes the interfacial hydrogen-bond network between CS and the carboxyl groups of ZnTCPP HOFs, enabling a controlled transformation of bulk crystals into short-range aggregates with local J-type coupling. Such synergistic colloidal-interface regulation suppresses short-range π–π stacking while enabling J-aggregates to enhance the ECL emission, boosting the peak ECL intensity without the need for an additional co-reaction promoter. On this basis, an aptamer-based ECL sensor was constructed for the ultrasensitive detection of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-EDMB-PINACA, achieving a limit of detection of 8.61 × 10 ⁻16 g/L together with satisfactory selectivity and reliable determination in e-cigarette liquid samples. These findings demonstrate that colloidal-interface regulation provides an efficient and synthesis-free route toward high-performance ECL sensing.