Early implementation of Tier 1 PBIS in an urban middle school: lessons learned and shifts in school climate perceptions

In response to student misconduct, schools are adopting preventive, nonpunitive frameworks such as Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS). This study examines early Tier 1 PBIS implementation in an urban middle school, focusing on the rollout of a schoolwide behavior matrix. Using a multiple-methods approach, the study analyzes staff focus groups and interviews alongside repeated cross-sectional student surveys assessing school climate. Qualitative results highlight challenges with buy-in, the importance of leadership, and efforts to establish clear expectations. Quantitative analyses indicated modestly higher perceptions of school rules and supervision in the post-implementation sample, while other school climate indicators remained stable. Findings illustrate the complexities of early PBIS adoption and provide practical lessons for schools initiating Tier 1 systems to strengthen climate and student engagement during early implementation.