Confidence–performance relationships in prospective and retrospective metacognition across local and global judgments

Metacognition is the ability to take an objective perspective on one’s own task performance, both retrospectively and prospectively. Although retrospective metacognition has been extensively studied, prospective metacognition remains poorly understood. Previous studies report that prospective metacognitive accuracy is typically lower than retrospective metacognitive accuracy. This pattern has sometimes been interpreted to suggest that prospective metacognition is inherently limited. The present study examined prospective and retrospective metacognition under different informational conditions, focusing on local judgments concerning individual trials and global judgments concerning multiple trials. Participants performed a perceptual detection task and provided confidence ratings before or after task performance, either for individual trials (local judgments) or for five-trial segments (global judgments). The relationship between task performance and confidence was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed-effects logistic regression model that separated within-participant and participant-condition mean confidence components. Within-participant confidence was positively associated with task performance in both retrospective conditions, with a stronger association for local than global judgments. In contrast, within-participant associations were not statistically significant in either prospective condition and were significantly weaker than their retrospective counterparts. The within-participant slopes did not significantly differ between local and global prospective judgments. Participant-condition mean confidence was positively associated with performance in all four conditions. These findings highlight the need to distinguish associations between participants’ mean confidence and performance from sensitivity to variations in performance within participants. The limited evidence for within-participant prospective sensitivity is consistent with constraints on information available before stimulus presentation, although the present findings do not establish the source of these limitations.