Four runners that are barely lonely

For positive integers $v_1,\dots,v_n$ let $\mathrm{ML}(v_1,\dots,v_n)=\max_t\min_i\|v_it\|$, where $\|x\|$ is the distance to the nearest integer. Kravitz asked which values below $1/n$ occur. For $n=4$, Jain and Kravitz showed that the values below $1/4$ are $m/(4m+2)$, $m\ge2$, up to finitely many undetermined exceptions. We settle the four-runner case completely. A primitive quadruple has $\mathrm{ML}<1/4$ if and only if it is, up to order, $\{1,2,3,4k\}$, or $\{x,y,x+y,x+2y\}$ with $\gcd(x,y)=1$ and $y\not\equiv x,2x\pmod 4$, or $\{1,3,4,14\}$. The values below $1/4$ are exactly $m/(4m+2)$ with $m\ge2$, $m\ne3$, so $3/14$ is the only exception, and Conjecture 4.1 of Fan and Sun holds. A density lemma bounds the length of a quadruple on neither critical subtorus by $512$, and an exact search over 800,816,099 quadruples completes the proof. The same method shows that the two-dimensional subtori of $(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})^4$ with loneliness below $2/5$ take exactly the three-runner values in that range, which between $1/3$ and $2/5$ are the fractions $p/q$ with $1\le 2q-5p\le 4$. Hence the accumulation points of the four-runner spectrum in $(0,2/5]$ are the three-runner values there, as Giri and Kravitz conjectured, and $9/25$ is not the loneliness of a two-dimensional subtorus. For every $n$, assuming the conjecture for $n-1$ and $n-2$ speeds, we prove $\mathrm{ML}(v)>1/n-(n(n-1))^{n-2}/(2|v|)$, which is sharp in $|v|$, and that every $n$-tuple with $\mathrm{ML}<1/n$ and $|v|\ge n(n(n-1))^{2n-4}$ lies on a two-dimensional subtorus of loneliness $1/n$. This answers a question of Cordella. For five speeds, a two-dimensional subtorus of $(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})^5$ with loneliness below $2/9$ is the product of a coordinate circle with the circle of $\{1,2,3,4\}$ or $\{1,3,4,7\}$. We also give infinitely many subtori whose maximizers lie off every circle with a repeated speed.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23763103
Primary Topic
Analytic Number Theory Research
Type
preprint
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preprint

Four runners that are barely lonely

Hyunjun Yi, Karam Gill, Bryan Bu
1 links
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
preprint

Four runners that are barely lonely

Hyunjun Yi, Karam Gill, Bryan Bu
preprint en

Abstract

For positive integers $v_1,\dots,v_n$ let $\mathrm{ML}(v_1,\dots,v_n)=\max_t\min_i\|v_it\|$, where $\|x\|$ is the distance to the nearest integer. Kravitz asked which values below $1/n$ occur. For $n=4$, Jain and Kravitz showed that the values below $1/4$ are $m/(4m+2)$, $m\ge2$, up to finitely many undetermined exceptions. We settle the four-runner case completely. A primitive quadruple has $\mathrm{ML}<1/4$ if and only if it is, up to order, $\{1,2,3,4k\}$, or $\{x,y,x+y,x+2y\}$ with $\gcd(x,y)=1$ and $y\not\equiv x,2x\pmod 4$, or $\{1,3,4,14\}$. The values below $1/4$ are exactly $m/(4m+2)$ with $m\ge2$, $m\ne3$, so $3/14$ is the only exception, and Conjecture 4.1 of Fan and Sun holds. A density lemma bounds the length of a quadruple on neither critical subtorus by $512$, and an exact search over 800,816,099 quadruples completes the proof. The same method shows that the two-dimensional subtori of $(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})^4$ with loneliness below $2/5$ take exactly the three-runner values in that range, which between $1/3$ and $2/5$ are the fractions $p/q$ with $1\le 2q-5p\le 4$. Hence the accumulation points of the four-runner spectrum in $(0,2/5]$ are the three-runner values there, as Giri and Kravitz conjectured, and $9/25$ is not the loneliness of a two-dimensional subtorus. For every $n$, assuming the conjecture for $n-1$ and $n-2$ speeds, we prove $\mathrm{ML}(v)>1/n-(n(n-1))^{n-2}/(2|v|)$, which is sharp in $|v|$, and that every $n$-tuple with $\mathrm{ML}<1/n$ and $|v|\ge n(n(n-1))^{2n-4}$ lies on a two-dimensional subtorus of loneliness $1/n$. This answers a question of Cordella. For five speeds, a two-dimensional subtorus of $(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})^5$ with loneliness below $2/9$ is the product of a coordinate circle with the circle of $\{1,2,3,4\}$ or $\{1,3,4,7\}$. We also give infinitely many subtori whose maximizers lie off every circle with a repeated speed.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
University of Massachusetts Amherst (US), Highline College (US)
Analytic Number Theory Research
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Four runners that are barely lonely — Hyunjun Yi, Karam Gill, et al. · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS