Analysis of the Power Output and Efficiency of a 100-Wp Photovoltaic Module with Varying Glass Reflector Inclinations

Flat glass reflectors offer a simple method for increasing the solar irradiance received by a photovoltaic (PV) module. However, reflector inclination may influence both electrical output and conversion efficiency. This study investigated the power output and efficiency of a 100-Wp PV module fitted with two flat glass reflectors at inclination angles of 15°, 30°, and 45°. An identical 100-Wp module without reflectors was used as the reference. Outdoor measurements were conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, from 8 to 10 February 2026. Each reflector angle was evaluated on a separate day, with solar irradiance, voltage, current, and output power recorded at 10:00, 12:00, and 14:00 WITA. Incident solar power and conversion efficiency were calculated independently for both modules using the measured irradiance and a module area of 0.6901 m². The reflector-assisted module produced higher output power at all nine measurement points, with increases ranging from 2.89% to 20.86%. The maximum output power was 76.1 W at a reflector inclination of 15° and 12:00 WITA, compared with 71.0 W for the reference module. At the same observation point, the corrected efficiency of the reflector-assisted module was 10.76%, while the reference module reached 11.16%. The findings indicate that the glass reflectors consistently increased the power output of the photovoltaic module, although their effect on conversion efficiency varied with reflector inclination, observation time, and incident irradiance. Among the tested configurations, the 15° reflector inclination produced the highest output power and the highest corrected efficiency of the reflector-assisted module.