Seasonal use of wallows by red deer (Cervus elaphus)

The aim of this study was to analyse the year-round use of a wallow by red deer (Cervus elaphus), with particular emphasis on seasonal variation in the intensity of use and the characteristics of activities and behaviours performed by individuals using the wallow. The observations were conducted in the south-western part of West Pomeranian Voivodeship from 1 September 2023 to 31 August 2024 using a camera trap. Records were collected during four seasons. The number of independent records, their activity periods, and the activities they performed were analysed, including passing through the area, drinking water, foraging, and wallowing. A total of 89 observations of red deer were recorded, of which more than 60% occurred in autumn. In spring, passing through the area monitored by the camera trap was the predominant activity, whereas in summer, increased use of the wallow was recorded in connection with searching for and drinking water and wallowing in mud. In autumn, during the rutting season, the highest level of red deer activity and the greatest number of wallowing events were observed. Animal activity was recorded throughout the day and night; however, the highest number of records occurred at night. The results indicate that the intensity and manner of wallow use vary seasonally and are associated with environmental conditions, water availability, and the reproductive cycle of red deer.