The Evolving Landscape of Breast Cancer: From Molecular Heterogeneity to Precision Therapeutics

Breast cancer remains a leading global health burden, characterized by profound biological and clinical heterogeneity. This review synthesizes modern advancements in epidemiology, genetic vulnerability, and histopathological classification, while examining the paradigm shift from broad systemic treatments to high-resolution precision oncology. We outline key diagnostic innovations, including digital breast tomosynthesis, artificial intelligence integration, and liquid biopsies. Furthermore, we dissect standard treatment algorithms, focusing on local therapy de-escalation, CDK4/6 inhibitor pathways, and the transformative clinical impact of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunotherapy. By consolidating these updates into a streamlined framework, this review provides a definitive clinical overview for clinicians and researchers. (1).