Interface-Driven Resistome Ecology: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Household AMR Transmission Within the One Health Landscape

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the pressing health challenges that the world is facing in present time. The domestic environment represents a potential microbial interface where antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms and resistance genes may occur and persist across interconnected compartments. The household environment comprises interconnected microbial compartments, including humans, companion animals, indoor surfaces, dust, plumbing biofilms, and wastewater, which may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes and facilitate microbial exchange, although direct transmission between them remains insufficiently characterized. The goal of this extensive review is to set up a complete ecological blueprint of domestic resistome under the One Health concept to comprehend the magnitude of this an under-integrated interface, which is crucial in addressing this health menace. Emerging approaches, including antimicrobial nanozymes, bacteriophage-based strategies, quorum-sensing inhibitors, self-cleaning materials, IoT-enabled monitoring, and flood-resilient sanitation infrastructure, warrant further investigation for their potential contributions to household hygiene and AMR risk reduction. Integrating household-level investigations with interdisciplinary surveillance and established public health frameworks may improve understanding of potential AMR exposure pathways and support the development of evidence-based prevention strategies.