Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Cancers, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050

Importance: Primary bone cancers include multiple histologic types, with survival differing by age and location. Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 were analyzed to support policies and initiatives worldwide. Objective: To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050. Design, Setting, and Participants: This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025. Main Outcomes and Measures: The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights. Results: In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle-income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic analysis, the burden of bone cancer varied by age, geography, and time, underscoring global disparities. These findings provide valuable insights to inform health system planning and resource allocation tailored to different settings.

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Journal
JAMA Oncology
Published
2026-10-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.4274
Primary Topic
Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Type
article
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article

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Cancers, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050

Ronald Chow, Louise Penberthy, Giulia Carreras, Yasir Mufeed Abdulateef et al.
6 links
JAMA Oncology
Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
article

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Cancers, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050

Ronald Chow, Louise Penberthy, Giulia Carreras, Yasir Mufeed Abdulateef, Swetha Acharya, Alyssa Columbus, Xiaochen Dai, Huda A. Anshasi, Rabie Adel El Arab, Ayesha Fahim, Alistair Acheson, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Prarthna V Bhardwaj, Catherine Bisignano, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Francesco Dondi, Mahdi Aghaalikhani, Usman Ayub Awan, Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Ashokan Arumugam, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Nickhill Hitesh Bhakta, Narasimha Murthy Beeraka, Muhammed Elhadi, Salah Thabit Al Awaidy, Rami Elmorsi, Feleke Doyore Agide, Tajudeen Adewumi Adebisi, Turki M Alanzi, Devananda Devegowda, Yasser Khalil Bustanji, Natalie R. Pritchett, Senbagam Duraisamy, Junaid Amin, Mostafa Alam, Jonathan Kocarnik, Ali Salman Al-Shami, Abdul Rasheed Bahar, Soroush Baghdadi, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Tone Bjørge, Leila Ellis, João Conde, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Franklin Akwasi Adjei, İskender ÇETİNTÜRK, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Sefealem Assefa Belay, Nada O. Binmadi, Azadeh Bashiri, Mahdis Bayat, Michael James Sullivan, Elysia Marie Alvarez, Waseem El‐Huneidi, Awais Altaf, Ashish Badiye, Marina De Rui, Ebrahim Eini, Kayleigh Pavitra Bhangdia, Meghnath Dhimal, Iman El Sayed, Hazim Ababneh, Chalinee Monsereenusorn, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Sina Esmaeili, Kaibin Fang, Atif Amin Baig, Miranda L May, Saleha Anwar, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Nagah M. Abourashed, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Hassan A. Abdou, Jakob Adolf, Damilare Michael Akintunde, Mousa Alreshidi, Zirak Ahmed Abdulrahman, Michael Eric Bryan, Rawaa Ali Hussein Saleh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Anas Alsalhani, Sajjad Ahmad, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayleyegn, AKM Azad, Abhishek Anil, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Hao Chi, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, GBD 2023 Bone Cancer Collaborators, Mohammed Usman Ali, Haowei Chen, Percival Delali Agordoh, Kamran Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Haroon Ahmed, Enku Shiferaw Belayneh
article en

Abstract

Importance: Primary bone cancers include multiple histologic types, with survival differing by age and location. Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 were analyzed to support policies and initiatives worldwide. Objective: To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050. Design, Setting, and Participants: This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025. Main Outcomes and Measures: The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights. Results: In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle-income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic analysis, the burden of bone cancer varied by age, geography, and time, underscoring global disparities. These findings provide valuable insights to inform health system planning and resource allocation tailored to different settings.

JAMA Oncology
Broad Institute (US), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR), Goethe University Frankfurt (DE), University of Jordan (JO), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US), Higher Colleges of Technology (AE), Texas Tech University (US), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (IN), Ahmadu Bello University (NG), University of Wyoming (US), Boston Children's Hospital (US), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US), Fujian Medical University (CN), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US), Royal Children's Hospital (AU), Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (IN), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US), Alfaisal University (SA), Harvard University (US), University of Padua (IT), Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY), University of Lahore (PK), Jimma University (ET), Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan (JO), SRM Institute of Science and Technology (IN), Johns Hopkins University (US), Philadelphia University (JO), University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US), COMSATS University Islamabad (PK), University of California, Los Angeles (US), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US), Sana'a University (YE), Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK), Sechenov University (RU), University of Ibadan (NG), King Abdulaziz University (SA), University of Toronto (CA), Wayne State University (US), Azerbaijan Medical University (AZ), University of Pikeville (US), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR), Jamia Hamdard (IN), Korea University (KR), Institute of Space Technology (PK), University of Washington (US), United Arab Emirates University (AE), Benha University (EG), Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (SA), University of Health and Allied Sciences (GH), Kampala International University (UG), University of Anbar (IQ), University of Haripur (PK), King George's Medical University (IN), University of Sharjah (AE), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US), University of Swat (PK), University of Bristol (GB), University of Oxford (GB), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (MY), Ege University (TR), Massachusetts General Hospital (US), Phramongkutklao Hospital (TH), University of Ha'il (SA), Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT), Sina Hospital (IR), All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar (IN), Isparta University of Applied Sciences (TR), Zhujiang Hospital (CN), Cancer Registry of Norway (NO), Ministry of Health (OM), Nepal Health Research Council (NP), Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (CN), Médecins Sans Frontières (NL), Orthopaedic Institute for Children (US), Médecins Sans Frontières (US), St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (ET), October 6 University (EG), Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VN), Wachemo University (ET), Phramongkutklao College of Medicine (TH), Hama University (SY), Equator University of Science and Technology (UG), American Society for Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity in Healthcare (ASIDE) (US), Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur (IN), Mohammed Almana College for Medical Sciences (SA), University of Bergen (NO), Salahaddin University-Erbil (IQ), Shahid Beheshti University (IR), Bahir Dar University (ET), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR), Southern Medical University (CN), Jamia Millia Islamia (IN), Qatar University (QA), University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US), University of Maiduguri (NG), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR), University of Tabuk (SA), Coventry University (GB), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (SA), University of Brescia (IT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT), Helwan University (EG), University of California, Davis (US), Alexandria University (EG), JSS Medical College and Hospital (IN), University of Memphis (US)
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Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
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