NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPACT ANTENNA FOR NEXT-GENERATION CELLULAR IOT APPLICATIONS, WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND ISM BAND

This paper presents a compact F-shaped microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless communication and IoT applications in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The proposed antenna occupies a compact footprint of 30 × 22 × 1.57 mm³ and consists of an F-shaped radiating element printed on the top surface of the substrate, while the ground plane is modified by subtracting three narrow strips to control the electromagnetic coupling and surface-current distribution. A systematic parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of the feed-line dimensions (FL and FW) and the modified ground-plane geometry on the impedance characteristics and radiation performance. In particular, the central ground-strip length (GL) and the separation between the lateral and central strips (S2) are optimized to obtain the desired resonance and impedance matching. The optimized antenna exhibits a pronounced resonance near 2.45 GHz, with a minimum reflection coefficient of approximately -50.30 dB. The obtained impedance bandwidth (at -10 dB scale) extends from 2.373 GHz to 2.587 GHz, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth of approximately 8.6%. The antenna also maintains a high radiation efficiency of approximately 99% across the upper portion of the operating band. The compact size, wide impedance bandwidth, high radiation efficiency, and favorable resonant characteristics make the proposed antenna a promising candidate for compact 2.4 GHz wireless communication and IoT-enabled applications.