Interconnected Mental Health Stressors and Risks in Returnee Nepalese Migrant Workers: A Focus Group Study

Abstract For Nepalese migrant workers, working abroad can negatively affect their mental health and well-being. Studies on labour migrants have documented poor occupational health outcomes, both mental and physical. However, research into their sources of stress, coping mechanisms, and suicidal thoughts remains limited. This qualitative study explored the sources of stress and perceived risks to mental health in returnee Nepalese migrant workers. We conducted seven focus groups (five male, one female and one mixed gender) with returnee migrants from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Malaysia. Participants were purposively recruited with support from local health workers and community organisations working for migrants. Over half had worked abroad for at least five years, with an average of 7.7 years. Our analysis identified six themes: (1) accommodation and communication; (2) occupational health; (3) exploitation at work; (4) family at home; (5) leisure, coping and risk behaviours; and (6) suicide narratives and mental health support, all six are linked to social determinants of mental health. These interconnected themes can negatively impact the mental health and well-being of migrant workers. Gender disparities and limited mental health support available abroad, including suicide prevention strategies, further intensify these challenges. Since this study focuses on returnees, workers currently abroad might have different experiences. Overall, our findings underscore the need for targeted support and interventions to improve the mental health and well-being of Nepalese migrant workers. We recommend establishing longitudinal studies to inform policy and practice related to mental health.