HISTORICAL APPROACHES TO THE CULTIVATION OF THINKING AND METHODS OF THEIR APPLICATION IN PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE

This article analyzes the historical, philosophical, and pedagogical foundations of the cultivation of thinking, the views of Eastern and Western thinkers on the development of human thought, and the possibilities of applying these ideas in the modern educational process. The important characteristics of the cultivation of thinking are examined on the basis of the views of Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Alisher Navoi, Abdulla Avloni, Socrates, Aristotle, and John Dewey. In addition, methods of developing independent thinking, critical analysis, problem-based learning, discussion, and reflection are substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the interrelationship between national pedagogical heritage, spiritual and moral education, and modern educational technologies.