QARINAH IN AL-SHĪRĀZĪ'S AL-LUMAʿ AND THE EVALUATION OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL EVIDENCE

This study examines the extent to which the epistemological framework of evidence in Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī's (393–476H) al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh can serve as a basis for evaluating digital criminal evidence as qarinah in Malaysian Syariah courts. Existing studies on digital evidence focus largely on legal and forensic procedure, and rarely draw directly on a specific text of usul al-fiqh as a source of evaluative criteria. This qualitative study applies content analysis to al-Lumaʿ as its primary source, followed by a comparative analysis using a concept-mapping matrix against thirteen selected contemporary studies. The analysis shows that al-Shīrāzī does not discuss judicial qarinah as such, yet three elements of his work are usable: the recognition of ẓann as a valid basis of evidence, the conditions of valid naẓar, and the distinction between the inferential strength of jalī and khafī analogy. On this basis, the study develops a Three-Stage Digital Qarinah Evaluation Model that assesses the eligibility of inference, identifies the proposition to be proven (integrity, attribution or act), and assigns a degree of strength to each proposition. The model shows that a single item of digital evidence may be strong for one proposition yet weak for another, and generally yields ẓann ghālib rather than ʿilm. The mapping between al-Shīrāzī's concepts and digital evidence is the researchers' application of the text, not the author's own view. The study concludes that the framework of al-Lumaʿ offers a structured basis for evaluating digital evidence, while the sufficiency of such evidence in a given case continues to depend on the offence concerned and the juristic school followed. Kajian ini menilai sejauh mana kerangka epistemologi dalil dalam al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh karya Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (393–476H) boleh dijadikan asas untuk menilai bukti jenayah digital sebagai qarinah di mahkamah syariah Malaysia. Kajian semasa tentang bukti digital banyak menumpukan aspek perundangan dan prosedur forensik, tetapi jarang merujuk secara langsung kepada teks usul al-fiqh tertentu sebagai sumber kriteria penilaian. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan analisis kandungan terhadap teks al-Lumaʿ sebagai sumber primer, diikuti analisis komparatif menerusi matriks padanan konsep dengan tiga belas kajian kontemporari terpilih. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa al-Shīrāzī tidak membincangkan qarinah kehakiman secara khusus, namun tiga unsur dalam kitabnya dapat dimanfaatkan, iaitu pengiktirafan ẓann sebagai asas dalil, syarat-syarat sah naẓar, dan pembezaan kekuatan inferens antara qiyas jalī dan khafī. Berasaskan unsur-unsur ini, kajian membina Model Penilaian Qarinah Digital Tiga Peringkat yang menilai kelayakan istidlal, menentukan proposisi yang hendak dibuktikan (integriti, atribusi atau perbuatan), dan menetapkan darjah kekuatan bagi setiap proposisi. Model ini memperlihatkan bahawa satu bahan bukti digital boleh kuat bagi satu proposisi tetapi lemah bagi proposisi yang lain, dan pada umumnya menghasilkan ẓann ghālib, bukan ʿilm. Pemadanan antara konsep al-Shīrāzī dengan bukti digital ialah aplikasi pengkaji terhadap teks, bukan pandangan langsung pengarang. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa kerangka al-Lumaʿ boleh menjadi asas yang tersusun untuk menilai bukti digital, manakala kecukupan bukti tersebut dalam sesuatu kes tetap bergantung pada jenis jenayah dan pendapat mazhab yang dipegang.

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Journal
Jurnal Al-Sirat
Published
2026-10-28
DOI
https://doi.org/10.64398/alsirat.v26i2.609
Primary Topic
Education, Law, and Society
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article
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article

QARINAH IN AL-SHĪRĀZĪ'S AL-LUMAʿ AND THE EVALUATION OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL EVIDENCE

Muhammad Yosef Niteh, Mukhtar Ismail Kalantan, Che Jawariah Che Hassan
Jurnal Al-Sirat
Education, Law, and Society
article

QARINAH IN AL-SHĪRĀZĪ'S AL-LUMAʿ AND THE EVALUATION OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL EVIDENCE

Muhammad Yosef Niteh, Mukhtar Ismail Kalantan, Che Jawariah Che Hassan
article en

Abstract

This study examines the extent to which the epistemological framework of evidence in Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī's (393–476H) al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh can serve as a basis for evaluating digital criminal evidence as qarinah in Malaysian Syariah courts. Existing studies on digital evidence focus largely on legal and forensic procedure, and rarely draw directly on a specific text of usul al-fiqh as a source of evaluative criteria. This qualitative study applies content analysis to al-Lumaʿ as its primary source, followed by a comparative analysis using a concept-mapping matrix against thirteen selected contemporary studies. The analysis shows that al-Shīrāzī does not discuss judicial qarinah as such, yet three elements of his work are usable: the recognition of ẓann as a valid basis of evidence, the conditions of valid naẓar, and the distinction between the inferential strength of jalī and khafī analogy. On this basis, the study develops a Three-Stage Digital Qarinah Evaluation Model that assesses the eligibility of inference, identifies the proposition to be proven (integrity, attribution or act), and assigns a degree of strength to each proposition. The model shows that a single item of digital evidence may be strong for one proposition yet weak for another, and generally yields ẓann ghālib rather than ʿilm. The mapping between al-Shīrāzī's concepts and digital evidence is the researchers' application of the text, not the author's own view. The study concludes that the framework of al-Lumaʿ offers a structured basis for evaluating digital evidence, while the sufficiency of such evidence in a given case continues to depend on the offence concerned and the juristic school followed. Kajian ini menilai sejauh mana kerangka epistemologi dalil dalam al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh karya Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (393–476H) boleh dijadikan asas untuk menilai bukti jenayah digital sebagai qarinah di mahkamah syariah Malaysia. Kajian semasa tentang bukti digital banyak menumpukan aspek perundangan dan prosedur forensik, tetapi jarang merujuk secara langsung kepada teks usul al-fiqh tertentu sebagai sumber kriteria penilaian. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan analisis kandungan terhadap teks al-Lumaʿ sebagai sumber primer, diikuti analisis komparatif menerusi matriks padanan konsep dengan tiga belas kajian kontemporari terpilih. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa al-Shīrāzī tidak membincangkan qarinah kehakiman secara khusus, namun tiga unsur dalam kitabnya dapat dimanfaatkan, iaitu pengiktirafan ẓann sebagai asas dalil, syarat-syarat sah naẓar, dan pembezaan kekuatan inferens antara qiyas jalī dan khafī. Berasaskan unsur-unsur ini, kajian membina Model Penilaian Qarinah Digital Tiga Peringkat yang menilai kelayakan istidlal, menentukan proposisi yang hendak dibuktikan (integriti, atribusi atau perbuatan), dan menetapkan darjah kekuatan bagi setiap proposisi. Model ini memperlihatkan bahawa satu bahan bukti digital boleh kuat bagi satu proposisi tetapi lemah bagi proposisi yang lain, dan pada umumnya menghasilkan ẓann ghālib, bukan ʿilm. Pemadanan antara konsep al-Shīrāzī dengan bukti digital ialah aplikasi pengkaji terhadap teks, bukan pandangan langsung pengarang. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa kerangka al-Lumaʿ boleh menjadi asas yang tersusun untuk menilai bukti digital, manakala kecukupan bukti tersebut dalam sesuatu kes tetap bergantung pada jenis jenayah dan pendapat mazhab yang dipegang.

Jurnal Al-SiratVol. 26(2)
Selangor Islamic University (MY)
Peace, justice, and strong institutions
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Education, Law, and Society
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