Botsitting : Conceptualizing Value-Enabling Hidden Human Labor in AI-Enabled Work
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming organizational work by creating unprecedented opportunities to augment human capability and generate organizational value. Yet AI-generated potential does not automatically become realized value, highlighting a fundamental challenge concerning how organizations transform technological capability into meaningful outcomes. Responding to this challenge, this paper advances, to the best of our knowledge, one of the first scholarly conceptualizations of Botsitting as an emerging form of value-enabling hidden human labor. In doing so, it develops an integrated conceptual model explaining Botsitting’s contribution to AI value realization, advances theoretically reasoned research propositions, and proposes a structured future research agenda. The paper contributes to AI-enabled work, IT business value, and human-AI collaboration by explaining one previously under-conceptualized pathway through which AI-generated potential becomes realized organizational value.
Authors
- Rana Muhammad Naeem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-1507)
- Tom Crick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-9389)
- Indranil Sarker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-7499)
- Vincent Dutot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-9387)
- Spyridon Samothrakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9690)
- Mohamed Youssef Ibrahim Helal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0994-4131)
- Yogesh Kumar Dwivedi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-9990)
- Il Jeon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-8374)
- Katina Michael (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-5557)
- Raghu Raman R (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-9742)
- Ramakrishnan Raman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3642-6989)
- Laurie Hughes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-0608)
- Tegwen Malik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4315-5726)
Institutions
- University of Essex (GB)
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (SA)
- Capital University (US)
- Symbiosis International University (IN)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Swansea University (GB)
- Cognizant (India) (IN)
- EM Normandie Business School (FR)
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (IN)
- Széchenyi István University (HU)
- Helwan University (EG)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Computer Information Systems
- Published
- 2026-10-28
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2026.2749411
- Primary Topic
- Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals