Performance Analysis of a High-Speed Universal Motor Under AC and DC Supply Using Experimental and FEM Approaches

This study investigates the performance of a 1.5 kW, 20,000 r/min universal motor under AC and DC supply by combining experimental characterization, MATLAB/Simulink modeling, and two-dimensional magnetostatic analysis using Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM). A motor–generator test bench was used to record electrical variables and shaft speed at different load levels, from which electromagnetic torque was estimated. Simulink represented the average electromechanical response through a lumped-parameter model, whereas FEMM was used to examine flux distribution, magnetic saturation, and rotor-position dependence. The experiments and Simulink model consistently showed decreasing speed and increasing torque as load increased, whereas FEMM clarified the associated magnetic saturation and rotor-position dependence. Simulink reproduced the general operating trends but exhibited quantitative deviations associated with its linear magnetic representation. FEMM indicated the onset of saturation between 2 and 3 A and showed that the calculated torque depended strongly on angular position. The coordinated comparison clarifies the complementary scope of experimental, system-level, and field-based analyses while identifying the limitations imposed by indirect torque estimation and magnetostatic modeling.