Factors Influencing Adolescents' Psychological Well-Being in Secondary School Settings: A Social Ecological Approach

Background: Adolescent psychological well-being reflects interrelated individual, family, peer, school, digital, and structural conditions. Objective: To synthesize evidence on factors associated with well-being in secondary-school settings, emphasizing Indonesia. Methods: This structured narrative review drew on targeted PubMed-indexed literature and authoritative WHO, OECD, and Indonesian reports, with searches described as updated to 22 September 2026. Reviews, meta-analyses, longitudinal studies, surveys, and relevant school-based research were interpreted across five ecological levels. Full search logs, screening totals, and a verified number of included records were unavailable; no formal pooled estimates or risk-of-bias ratings were generated. Results: Synthesis-level evidence links sleep, physical activity, school connectedness, bullying, school climate, academic pressure, and social-emotional learning to adolescent mental-health or well-being outcomes, although study designs and outcome definitions vary. Indonesian national data demonstrate substantial mental-health needs, while selected local studies highlight associations with family support, peers, and schools. Most exposure–outcome links are associative rather than causal. Conclusion: Coordinated school-wide approaches should prioritize supportive relationships, bullying prevention, manageable academic demands, and confidential referral pathways, with context-sensitive evaluation of additional interventions.